Credit Creation by banks

A central bank is the primary source of money supply in an economy through circulation of currency.However, for this purpose, the central bank needs to depend upon the reserves of commercial banks. These reserves of commercial banks are the secondary source of money supply in an economy. The most important function of a commercial bank is the creation of credit.
Let us learn the process of credit creation by commercial banks with the help of an example.
Suppose you deposit Rs. 10,000 in a bank A, which is the primary deposit of the bank. The cash reserve requirement of the central bank is 10%. In such a case, bank A would keep Rs. 1000 as reserve with the central bank and would use remaining Rs. 9000 for lending purposes.

The bank lends Rs. 9000 to Mr. X by opening an account in his name, known as demand deposit account. However, this is not actually paid out to Mr. X. The bank has issued a check-book to Mr. X to withdraw money. Now, Mr. X writes a check of Rs. 9000 in favor of Mr. Y to settle his earlier debts.
The check is now deposited by Mr. Y in bank B. Suppose the cash reserve requirement of the central bank for bank B is 5%. Thus, Rs. 450 (5% of 9000) will be kept as reserve and the remaining balance, which is Rs. 8550, would be used for lending purposes by bank B.
Thus, this process of deposits and credit creation continues till the reserves with commercial banks reduce to zero.
This process is shown in the Table-1:
Credit Creation Process
From Table-1, it can be seen that deposit of Rs. 10,000 leads to a creation of total deposit of Rs. 50,000 without the involvement of cash.
The process of credit creation can also be learned with the help of following formulae:
Total Credit Creation = Original Deposit * Credit Multiplier Coefficient
Credit multiplier coefficient= 1 / r where r = cash reserve requirement also called as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
Credit multiplier co-efficient = 1/10% = 1/ (10/100) = 10
Total credit created = 10,000 *10 = 100000
If CRR changes to 5%,
Credit multiplier co-efficient = 1/5% = 1/ (5/100) = 20
Total credit creation = 10000 * 20 = 200000
Thus, it can be inferred that lower the CRR, the higher will be the credit creation, whereas higher the CRR, lesser will be the credit creation. With the help of credit creation process, money multiplies in an economy.

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